AFRICA - 2 - ANSWERS

1. B. Sudan

(Flag of OPEC)

The "Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries" (OPEC) is an intergovernmental organization of 13 nations (as of March, 2020), founded on 14 September 1960 in Baghdad by the first five members (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela) and headquartered since 1965 in Vienna, Austria. Today, the 13 member countries accounted for an estimated 44 percent of global crude oil production and more than four-fifths of the world's "proven" oil reserves, giving OPEC a major influence on global oil prices that were previously determined by the so-called "Seven Sisters" grouping of multinational oil companies.

The stated mission of the organization is to "coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its member countries and ensure the stabilization of oil markets, in order to secure an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consumers, a steady income to producers, and a fair return on capital for those investing in the petroleum industry." The organization is also a significant provider of information about the international oil market. The current OPEC members are the following: "Algeria", "Angola", "Equatorial Guinea", "Gabon" (terminated its membership in January 1995. However, it rejoined the Organization in July 2016), "Iran", "Iraq", "Kuwait", "Libya", "Nigeria", "Republic of the Congo", "Saudi Arabia" (the de facto leader), "United Arab Emirates" and "Venezuela". "Ecuador" (suspended its membership in December 1992, rejoined OPEC in October 2007, but decided to withdraw its membership of OPEC effective 1 January 2020), "Indonesia" (suspended its membership in January 2009, reactivated it again in January 2016, but decided to suspend its membership once more at the 171st Meeting of the OPEC Conference on 30 November 2016) and "Qatar" (terminated its membership on 1 January 2019) are former members.

2. A. Tanzania

The "Serengeti National Park" is a Tanzanian national park in the Serengeti ecosystem in the "Mara" and "Simiyu" regions and also a UNESCO World Heritage site. In the vast plains of Serengeti National Park, comprising 1.5 million hectares of savannah, the annual migration of two million wildebeests plus hundreds of thousands of gazelles and zebras - followed by their predators in their annual migration in search of pasture and water – is one of the most impressive nature spectacles in the world. The biological diversity of the park is very high with at least four globally threatened or endangered animal species: black rhinoceros, elephant, wild dog, and cheetah.

(The Great Migration in the Serengeti)

(The Great Migration round the year in the Serengeti - an overview)

The park lies in northwestern Tanzania, bordered to the north by the Kenyan border, where it is continuous with the "Maasai Mara National Reserve". To the southeast of the park is the "Ngorongoro Conservation Area", the place British evicted the resident Maasai from the park in 1959 to preserve wildlife.

3. B. Tunisia

(Anti-government demonstrations during the Tunisian revolution)

The "Tunisian Revolution", also called the "Jasmine Revolution", was an intensive 28-day campaign of civil resistance. It included a series of street demonstrations which took place in Tunisia, and led to the ousting of longtime president "Zine El Abidine Ben Ali" in January 2011. It eventually led to a thorough democratisation of the country and to free and democratic elections.

The demonstrations were caused by high unemployment, food inflation, corruption, a lack of political freedoms (freedom of speech) and poor living conditions. The protests constituted the most dramatic wave of social and political unrest in Tunisia in three decades and resulted in scores of deaths and injuries, most of which were the result of action by police and security forces.

(Tunisian President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali visits Mohamed Bouazizi on December 28, 2010 in Tunis)

The protests were sparked by the self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi, a vegetable vendor, the lone breadwinner of his family of seven, on 17 December 2010 ignited nationwide protests and led to the ousting of Tunisian President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali and his regime on 14 January 2011 when he officially resigned after fleeing to Saudi Arabia, ending his 23 years in power.

The "Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet" (comprising of - 1. "The Tunisian General Labour Union", 2. "The Tunisian Confederation of Industry, Trade and Handicrafts", 3. "The Tunisian Human Rights League" and 4. "The Tunisian Order of Lawyers") was awarded the 2015 Nobel Peace Prize for "its decisive contribution to the building of a pluralistic democracy in Tunisia in the wake of the Tunisian Revolution of 2011".

The protests inspired similar actions throughout the Arab world, in a chain reaction which became known as the "Arab Spring Movement".

4. B. Johannesburg

The Republic of South Africa does not have a single capital city. Instead, it is one of a few countries in the world that divides its governmental powers among three of its major cities: "Pretoria", "Cape Town" and "Bloemfontein".

Pretoria: It is home to the executive branch of the South African government, including the President of the Cabinet. The city also hosts many departments of government and foreign embassies. Located in the province of "Gauteng", Pretoria is in the northeast part of South Africa and near the city of Johannesburg.

Cape Town: It is home to the country's legislative parliament, including the National Assembly and National Council of Provinces. Located in the southwest corner of South Africa in the province of "Western Cape", Cape Town is the second-largest city in population.

Bloemfontein: It is home to the Supreme Court of Appeal, the second-highest court in South Africa. The Constitutional Court (the highest court) is located in Johannesburg. Located in the province of "Free State", Bloemfontein is in the center of South Africa.

Johannesburg, informally known as "Jozi", "Joburg" or "the city of gold" is the largest city in South Africa and one of the 50 largest urban areas in the world.

5. A. Boutros Boutros-Ghali

Boutros Boutros-Ghali (14 November 1922 – 16 February 2016) was an Egyptian politician and diplomat who was the sixth Secretary-General of the United Nations (UN) from January 1992 to December 1996. An academic and former Vice Foreign Minister of Egypt, Boutros-Ghali oversaw the UN over a period coinciding with several world crises, including the "breakup of Yugoslavia" and the "Rwandan genocide".

He was the first Secretary-General of the UN to be born in Africa. Boutros-Ghali ran for Secretary-General of the United Nations in the 1991 selection. The top post in the UN was opening up as Javier Pérez de Cuéllar of Peru reached the end of his second term, and Africa was next in the rotation. Boutros-Ghali edged ahead "Bernard Chidzero" of Zimbabwe to be elected as the Secretary-General of the UN. But Boutros-Ghali was denied a second term as United States used its veto against him despite 14 of the 15 votes in the Security Council went in his support thus becoming the only Secretary-General ever to be denied a second term by a veto.