1. A. Antrix
Antrix Corporation Limited (ACL),
Bengaluru is a Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) wholly owned by the Government
of India under the administrative control of the Department of Space. It was
incorporated in September 1992 to commercially exploit ISRO's space products,
services and technologies. It was awarded 'Miniratna' status by the government
in 2008.
As the commercial and marketing arm of
ISRO, Antrix is engaged in providing Space products and services to international customers
worldwide. With fully equipped state-of-the-art facilities, Antrix provides
end-to-end solution for many of the space products, ranging from supply of
hardware and software including simple subsystems to a complex spacecraft, for
varied applications covering communications, earth observation and scientific
missions; space related services including remote sensing data service,
Transponder lease service; Launch services through the operational launch
vehicles (PSLV and GSLV); Mission support services; and a host of consultancy
and training services.
2. C. Raja Ramanna
Raja Ramanna (born January 28, 1925,
Tumkur, Mysore — died September 24, 2004, Mumbai), was an Indian nuclear
physicist who played a key role in the development of that country’s nuclear
weapons program.
In 1949, after completing a doctoral degree in physics
at King’s College, London, Ramanna joined the Indian nuclear science program at
the Atomic Energy Establishment in Trombay where he worked under physicist Homi
Jehangir Bhabha, for whom the establishment was later renamed "Bhabha
Atomic Research Centre" (BARC). Ramanna served as director of BARC
(1972–78 and 1981–83) and oversaw the country’s first nuclear weapons test
(1974) code-named as "Smiling Buddha". He also headed India’s Atomic
Energy Commission (1984–87) and served as the Secretary for Defense Research
(1978–81) and as the Minister of State for Defense (1990) in V.P.Singh's Govt.
3. B. Wheeler Island
"Abdul Kalam Island",
formerly known as Wheeler Island, is an island off the coast of Odisha. The
island was originally named after English commandant Lieutenant Hugh Wheeler.
On 4 September 2015, the island was renamed to honour the late Indian
president, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam.
The Odisha government allotted Abdul
Kalam Island to the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) in
1993, following A.P.J. Abdul Kalam's request for land to build a missile
testing facility - "The Integrated Test Range" - a missile testing
facility composed of two complexes - Launch Complex-IV (LC-IV) located on Abdul
Kalam Island (Wheeler Island) and Launch Complex-III (LC-III) located at
Chandipur, Balasore, Odisha. Abdul Kalam Island is the missile test facility
for most missiles of India:- Akash Missiles, Agni Missiles, Astra Missile,
BrahMos, Nirbhay, Prahaar Missile, Prithvi Missiles, Shaurya Missile, Advanced
Air Defence (AAD), Prithvi Air Defence etc.
Abdul Kalam Island is located close to
the "Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary", the world's largest breeding
ground of the endangered Olive Ridley sea turtle.
4. A. Crescograph
Sir
Jagadish Chandra Bose (Born 30 November 1858 – Mymensingh, Bengal, India (now
in Bangladesh) — died November 23, 1937, Giridih, Bihar) was a polymath,
physicist, biologist, biophysicist, botanist and archaeologist, and an early
writer of science fiction in British India. He pioneered the investigation of
radio and microwave optics, made significant contributions to plant science and
laid the foundations of experimental science in the Indian subcontinent. “Institute
of Electrical and Electronics Engineers” (IEEE), New Jersey, USA named him one
of the “Fathers of Radio Science”.
After
graduating from St. Xavier's College, Calcutta, Bose went to the University of
London, England to study medicine, but could not pursue studies in medicine
because of health problems. Instead, he conducted his research with the Nobel
Laureate Lord Rayleigh at Cambridge and returned to India. He joined the
Presidency College of the University of Calcutta as a Professor of Physics.
There, despite racial discrimination and a lack of funding and equipment, Bose
carried on his scientific research. He made remarkable progress in his research
of remote wireless signaling and was the first to use semiconductor junctions
to detect radio signals. However, instead of trying to gain commercial benefit
from this invention, Bose made his inventions public in order to allow others
to further develop his research.
Bose
subsequently made a number of pioneering discoveries in plant physiology. He
used his own invention, the “crescograph”, to measure plant response to various
stimuli, and thereby scientifically proved parallelism between animal and plant
tissues. His books on plants include “Response in the Living and Non-Living”
(1902) and “The Nervous Mechanism of Plants” (1926).
In 1896,
Bose wrote “Niruddesher Kahini” (The Story of the Missing One), a short story
that was later expanded and added to Abyakta collection in 1921 with the new
title “Palatak Tuphan” (Runaway Cyclone). It was one of the first works of
Bengali science fiction.
In 2004,
Bose was ranked number 7 in BBC's poll of the Greatest Bengali of all time. A
crater on the moon has been named in his honour.
5. C. VSNL
The first publicly available internet
service in India was launched by state-owned "Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited"
(VSNL) on 15 August 1995. The initial launch of Internet in 1995 was with
dial-up access with speeds of upto 9.6 kbps. By 1996, major newspapers such as the
Times of India, the Hindu, the Indian Express and the Hindustan Times had set
up websites; Rediff.com was launched; India’s first cyber cafe was launched in
Mumbai.
VSNL was completely acquired by the
Tata Group and renamed as "Tata Communications" in February, 2008.
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