1. B. Jean-Paul
Sartre
Only four people till date have won the coveted Nobel Prize on
two occasions -
(i) "Marie Curie" (a Polish and naturalized-French
physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity. She
was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, the first person and the only woman
to win the Nobel Prize twice, and the only person to win the Nobel Prize in two
different scientific fields. She shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with
her husband Pierre Curie and physicist Henri Becquerel and won the 1911 Nobel
Prize in Chemistry.)
(ii) "Linus Carl Pauling" (an American chemist,
biochemist, chemical engineer, peace activist, author, and educator who
published more than 1,200 papers and books, of which about 850 dealt with
scientific topics. For his scientific work, Pauling was awarded the Nobel Prize
in Chemistry in 1954 and for his peace activism awarded the Nobel Peace Prize
in 1962. He is the only person to have been awarded two unshared Nobel Prizes
and one of two people to be awarded Nobel Prizes in different fields, the other
being Marie Curie. Pauling was one of the founders of the fields of quantum
chemistry and molecular biology. His contributions to the theory of the
chemical bond include the concept of orbital hybridisation and the first
accurate scale of electronegativities of the elements. In his later years he
promoted nuclear disarmament, as well as ortho-molecular medicine, megavitamin
therapy and dietary supplements.
(iii) "John Bardeen" (an
American physicist and electrical engineer who is the only person to be awarded the Nobel Prize
in Physics twice: first in 1956 with William Shockley and Walter Brattain for
the invention of the transistor; and again in 1972 with Leon N Cooper and John
Robert Schrieffer for a fundamental theory of conventional superconductivity
known as the BCS theory. The transistor revolutionized the electronics
industry, making possible the development of almost every modern electronic
device, from telephones to computers, and ushering in the Information Age.
Bardeen's developments in superconductivity—for which he was awarded his second
Nobel Prize—are used in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and
medical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
(iv) "Frederick Sanger" (a British biochemist who
twice won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, one of only two people to have done so
in the same category. In 1958, he was awarded a Nobel Prize in Chemistry
"for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of
insulin". In 1980, Walter Gilbert and Sanger shared half of the chemistry
prize "for their contributions concerning the determination of base
sequences in nucleic acids".
Jean-Paul Sartre (21
June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French philosopher, playwright,
novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic. Sartre
declined the Nobel Prize in Literature, which he was awarded in October 1964 saying
that he always declined official honours and that "a writer should not
allow himself to be turned into an institution".
2. C. North Macedonia
Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu (born Anjeze Gonxhe Bojaxhiu) (26 August 1910 – 5 September 1997),
commonly known as Mother Teresa and honoured in the Catholic Church as Saint
Teresa of Calcutta, was an Albanian-Indian Roman Catholic nun and
missionary. She was born in Skopje (now the capital of North Macedonia - a
country which gained its independence in 1991 as one of the successor states of
Yugoslavia), then part of the Ottoman Empire. After living in Skopje for
eighteen years, she moved to Ireland and then to India, where she lived for
most of her life.
Mother Teresa arrived in India in 1929 and began her novitiate
(period of training and preparation that a Christian novice monastic,
apostolic, or member of a religious order undergoes prior to taking vows in
order to discern whether he or she is called to vowed religious life) in
Darjeeling before leaving home in 1928 fascinated by stories of the lives of
missionaries and their service in Bengal. She began missionary work with the
poor in 1948, replacing her traditional Loreto habit with a simple, white
cotton sari with a blue border. Teresa adopted Indian citizenship and in 1949 laid
the foundation for a new religious community helping the "poorest among
the poor". In 1950, Teresa founded the Missionaries of Charity, a Roman
Catholic religious congregation that had over 4,500 nuns and was active in 133
countries in 2012. The congregation manages homes for people who are dying of
HIV/AIDS, leprosy and tuberculosis. It also runs soup kitchens, dispensaries,
mobile clinics, children's and family counselling programmes, as well as
orphanages and schools. Members take vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience
and also profess a fourth vow – to give "wholehearted free service to the
poorest of the poor."
Teresa received a number of honors, including the 1962 Ramon
Magsaysay Peace Prize and 1979 Nobel Peace Prize. Teresa was received the Padma
Shri in 1962 and the Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding in
1969. She later received other Indian awards, including the Bharat Ratna
(India's highest civilian award) in 1980. She was canonised on 4 September
2016, and the anniversary of her death (5 September) is her "feast day"
("an annual religious celebration, a day dedicated to a particular
saint" in Calendar of saints in the traditional Christian method).
3. A. Ragnar Frisch
Ragnar Anton Kittil Frisch (3 March 1895 – 31 January 1973)
was a Norwegian economist and the co-recipient of the first Nobel Memorial
Prize in Economic Sciences in 1969 (with Jan Tinbergen). He is known for being
one of the founders of the discipline of "econometrics" (application
of statistical methods to economic data in order to give empirical content to
economic relationships) and for coining the widely used pair of terms "macroeconomics"
and "microeconomics' in 1933.
4. B. Gabriela Mistral
Gabriela Mistral (7 April 1889 – 10 January 1957) pseudonym
for "Lucila Godoy Alcayaga" was a Chilean poet-diplomat, educator and
humanist. She taught elementary and secondary school for many years until her
poetry made her famous. In 1945, she became the first Latin American author to
receive a Nobel Prize in Literature, "for her lyric poetry which, inspired
by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations
of the entire Latin American world". Mistral's works, both in verse and
prose, deal with the basic passion of love as seen in the various relationships
of mother and offspring, man and woman, individual and humankind, soul and God and
Latin American identity as formed from a mixture of Native American and
European influences.
Her portrait appears on the 5,000 Chilean peso bank note.
5. C. World Health Organization (WHO)
The "United Nations Children's Fund" (UNICEF), a
United Nations agency responsible for providing humanitarian and developmental
aid to children worldwide, received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965.
The "International Labour Organization" (ILO), a
United Nations agency whose mandate is to advance social justice and promote
decent work by setting international labour standards, received the Nobel Peace
Prize in 1969. It was the first specialized agency of the UN.
"World Health Organization" (WHO), concerned with
world public health, is yet to receive a Nobel Prize.
No comments:
Post a Comment